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Работа № 133894
Наименование:
Курсовик TONES AND THEIR TYPES
Информация:
Тип работы: Курсовик.
Предмет: Ин. языки.
Добавлен: 05.11.2024.
Год: 2024.
Страниц: 32.
Уникальность по antiplagiat.ru: < 30%
Описание (план):
MINISTRY OF PRE-SCHOOL AND SCHOOL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TASHKENT STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER NIZAMI FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Gayibnazarova Maftuna TONES AND THEIR TYPES Course paper
on specialty: 60111800 – Foreign languages (English language and literature)
Recommended to defense Head of the Department “Theory and Methodology of Teaching English”
Tashkent - 2024
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……….……..3
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTONATION AND MELODY OF ENGLISH SPEECH………..5 1.1.Classification of tones and their use………...8 1.2. Rising tone………12
CHAPTER 2. TYPES OF STRESS IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE………...18 2.1.The role of intonation pauses………22 2.2.Voice as an important physiological aspect……….……….24 2.3.Speech intensity……….26
CONCLUSION………..28
USED LITERATURE………..30
? INTRODUCTION Each language has its own special, characteristic intonation, which differs significantly from the intonation of other languages. In English, intonation plays a particularly important role due to the strongly expressed analytical nature of the language. The specificity of our research lies in the study of the intonation ability of the individual, the peculiarities of the perception of intonation characteristics, the recording of intonation units, an attempt to diagnose, model, and correct them, i.e. in the theoretical aspect it includes an analysis of the relationship between the intonation function and the emotional characteristics of the subject, the construction of schemes and models of these relationships, and in the applied aspect - testing of technologies of intonation functions for emotional normalization, expanding communicative effectiveness in professional pedagogical activity. Intonation as a multi-component unit of voice represents certain elements that are subject to precise physical measurements and, consequently, analysis. The task of the work is to substantiate the scientific approach to the expansion of the communicative-speech readiness of the individual in the coordinate of the measurements of intonation characteristics. The goal is to study the totality of the features of English intonation, its structure. We seek to confirm the position that intonation expresses the communicative intention of the subject, his attitude towards himself and the audience, towards the content of speech, and the environment in which it is pronounced. Targeted work on the voice as a whole, as well as on intonation characteristics, expands the communicative norm, which is understood as a selective implementation of the possibilities of linguistic potential, ensuring the highest degree of communication efficiency. The object of the study is the intonation characteristics of English speech and its components as one of the most important sound aspects. Intonation is a normative unit of communication, which, in our opinion, can be an assessment of communicative effectiveness, as well as a means of its implementation. Language is not a gift of nature, but a creation of man. Its sound, structural, semantic characteristics are the product of long-term improvement. The main and constantly acting stimulus of evolution, as one can imagine, is the communicative necessity.
? CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTONATION AND MELODY OF ENGLISH SPEECH In any language, intonation serves to externally design a sentence. With the help of intonation, our listener understands whether the sentence is a narrative, a question, a request or an exclamation. Intonation (from Latin intonare - to pronounce loudly, i.e. to emphasize with the voice) is a sound form of utterance, a system of changes (modulations) of the pitch, volume and timbre of the voice, organized with the help of tempo, rhythm and pauses. All components of intonation closely interact with each other. Intonation can be described in acoustic parameters, namely: the frequency of the fundamental tone (pitch of the voice), the intensity of the sound, the duration. The constituent elements of intonation are: - the melody of speech , which is achieved by raising or lowering the voice in a phrase; - the rhythm of speech , i.e. the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables; - tempo , i.e. the speed or slowness of speech and pauses between speech segments; - timbre , i.e. the sound coloring that gives speech certain emotional and expressive shades; - phrasal and logical stress , which serve as a means of highlighting individual words in a sentence. The main function of intonation is to express feelings of will, without elements of which no life communication is conceivable. Syntax has almost no means of coding the modal emotional-volitional function. This role is performed by vocabulary and intonation. English intonation differs significantly from Russian intonation, both in melody and in phrase stress. The lowering or raising of the voice on the last stressed word in a sentence are the two main tones of English intonation (and Russian intonation as well, by the way) - the falling tone and the rising tone . Intonation is a complex unity of the pitch of the voice (melody), the force of pronunciation of words (phrase stress), timbre, tempo and rhythm. Intonation in combination with the corresponding grammatical structure of the sentence and its lexical composition is an important means of expressing the meaning of the utterance. The most well-studied components of intonation are melody and stress. The rhythm of English speech is characterized by the fact that stressed syllables in a sentence are pronounced at more or less equal intervals. Therefore, the speed of pronunciation of unstressed syllables depends on how many unstressed syllables are between two stressed ones: the more unstressed syllables, the faster they will be pronounced. Sentences are usually divided into meaning-united groups of words, in which it is impossible to separate one word from another without violating the meaning. Such groups of words are called meaning groups. Each meaning group is characterized by an intonation corresponding to the given meaning; meaning groups are separated from each other by a pause. In English, two main speech melodies are distinguished: - with a lowering of tone, - with a raised tone. In intonation, two aspects should be distinguished: one, which can be called communicative , since intonation indicates whether the statement is complete or unfinished, whether it contains a question, an answer, etc. The other, which could be called emotional , is that intonation contains a certain emotion, which always reflects the emotional state of the speaker, and sometimes his intention (however, not always consciously realized by him) to influence the listener in a certain way. The emotional aspect of intonation is not necessarily connected with the semantic content of the utterance. Until recently, the emotional aspect was practically excluded from linguistics, and the question of its meaning, from a linguistic point of view, of its linguistic function remains theoretically unexplored even today. Some studies show that forms of expression of emotions, having a psycho-physiological basis, are in this sense universal to all mankind. Along with this, there are facts that make it obvious that intonation differs from language to language...
CONCLUSION English is, without exaggeration, the most widely spoken foreign language in the world. In addition, it is the official language of Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Naturally, due to the geographical distance from classical English, the peculiarities of life and culture in the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, their own pronunciation features have appeared. Intonation is an individual-psychic formation. It is necessary to distinguish three moments in the act of speaking: organic mechanics (organ), psychic mechanics (organist) and the conceptual and ideological content to be expressed (composer). study is being conducted of the intonation characteristics of the speech act in various situations of the communicative speech process, by which we mean a set of features characterizing the conditions of the communicative speech act, the participants in the communication themselves, and their social relationships. The conditions for the implementation of a communicative speech act include: the place of the communicative act, the duration of the communication in time, the publicity of the communicative environment (the number of participants in the communication). The characteristics of the participants in communication and their relationships cover such aspects as social and psychological data, the presence of a common apperceptive base, the formality/informalit of the relationship, their social, professional, and age roles. The attitude of the participants of communication to speech includes the degree of preparation of speech, the nature of awareness of the subject of speech, the presence or absence of an evaluative attitude to speech. The listed parameters, characterizing various aspects of the communicative situation, are interconnected and often interdependent. Every utterance from pause to pause, regardless of its length, must be phonetically designed as a whole; such design is called the intonation of the utterance or sentence. Most researchers believe that the main function of intonation is to convey the speakers emotional-modal attitude to what is being communicated. It is widely believed (even in linguistic circles) that intonation is a subjective thing, that each person has his own intonation. At the same time, it is often referred to that the same text is read differently by different actors and that the difference in reading can be very significant. This is an indisputable fact, observed very often. However, different readings are by no means indifferent to the understanding of the text. Different intonation of the same text is a consequence of different understanding of it by different readers. The same sentence can be pronounced with different intonation. But will it really remain the same sentence, that is, with the same intellectual and emotional content? Of course not. It will be slightly different each time. Recognizing that intonation is subjective would be tantamount to denying its linguistic function, since something subjective and not socially conditioned cannot have linguistic significance. It is quite obvious that it is impossible to deny the linguistic significance of intonation, since this contradicts the objective state of affairs. If melody were subjective, it would be incomprehensible. But since we understand it, that is, associate a certain meaning with it, it means that it has an objective linguistic significance. The close connection between intonation and the meaning of a sentence makes it one of the most important factors of communication. It is known that to understand a sentence it is not necessary to recognize all the words that make it up. The context often helps to restore the misheard word, and even if such "restoration" does not occur, understanding the meaning of the sentence as a whole is by no means excluded. There is no doubt that intonation plays an important role in this. From the recognition of the autonomy of intonation it follows that languages must have a certain set of intonation models. The number of such intonation units in different languages, naturally, may not coincide, but for one language different authors establish different numbers of them. The different degree of changeability, or variability, of melody is especially clearly manifested in the address and emotional aspect of intonation. USED LITERATURE 1. Foreign Rhetoric: Reader / Comp. L.K. Graudin. Moscow, 1996. 2. Lomonosov M.V. A short guide to rhetoric for the benefit of lovers of sweet speech // Lomonosov M.V. Collection op. M.; L., 1952. T.7. 3. Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 2001. 4. Chernysheva I.I. 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